A study to correlate smear microscopy and rapid antigen detection techniques in the diagnosis of malaria
Abstract
Introduction: Malaria is an endemic, tropical protozoan infection caused different Plasmodium species. A study was conducted to find the correlation between the peripheral blood smear and antigen demonstration for the detection of malaria.
Materials and Methods: Study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, GSL Medical College for 6 months. Peripheral blood smear stained by Giemsa technique ad commercially available rapid antigen detection kits were used for the diagnosis of malaria. Smear preparation and staining were carried as per WHO guidelines and manufacturer guidelines were followed to perform the test.
Results: Among 98 the clinically diagnosed malaria cases in this study, 69 (70.4%) cases were identified as malaria positive. Out of these, 68% (47) were positive by blood smear examination and 87% (60) were positive by kit method and in the positive cases 35 were male and 34 were female participants.
Conclusion: Rapid diagnostic tests were more sensitive in the diagnosis of malaria. However, other confirmatory tests such as PCR should be considered because some clinically proved cases were missed.
Downloads
References
Mukry SN, Madiha S, Gul S, Kashif S, Shamsi AN, Tahir S. Laboratory Diagnosis of Malaria: Comparison of Manual and Automated Diagnostic Tests. Canadian J Infec Diseases and Med Microb. 2017;1-7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9286392.
Santhy B, Ravichandran T, Ramani CP, Sumathy P, Heber A. Rapid Laboratory Techniques in Diagnosis of Malaria in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Chennai. Int J Sci Stud. 2016;3(11):94-99. doi: https://doi.org/10.17354/ijss/2016/64.
Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Mvint HYSI; The global distribution of clinical episodes of P. falciparum malaria. Nature. 2005;434(7030):214-217. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03342.
WHO SE Asia; Implementation of collaborative activities on Roll back Malaria in SE Asia region. New Delhi, 2000:1-21. Available at http://apps.searo.who.int/PDS_DOCS/B3500.pdf.
Price RN, Douglas NM, Anstey NM, New developments in Plasmodium vivax malaria: severe disease and the rise of chloroquine resistance. Curr Op Infectious Dis. 2009;22(5):430-435. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e32832f14c1.
Kumar A, Valecha N, Jain T, Dash AP. Burden of malaria in India: Retrospective and prospective view. The Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77(6):69-78.
World Health Organization. Basic Malaria Microscopy: Part I Learner’s Guide; Part II Tutor’s Guide. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1991. Available at http://iris.paho.org/xmlui/handle/123456789/44508.
Ahmed R, Devnath K, Bhowmik D, Sharma I. High-sensitivity detection of human malaria parasites by the use of rapid diagnostic tests and nested polymerase chain reaction in burdened communities of North East India. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2018;36(4):541-546. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_18_394.
Parija SC, Dhodapkar R, Elangovan S, Chaya DR. A comparative study of blood smear, QBC and antigen detection for diagnosis of malaria. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2009;52(2):200-202.
Santhy B, Ravichandran T, Ramani CP, Sumathy P, Heber A. Rapid Laboratory Techniques in Diagnosis of Malaria in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Chennai. Int J Sci Stud. 2016;3(11):94-99. doi: https://doi.org/10.17354/ijss/2016/64.
Gulrez M, Varshney KR, Singh YI. Comparative Study of Various Techniques in Diagnosis of Malaria. Sch. J. App. Med. Sci. 2014;2(6C):3060-3063.
Sturrock HJ, Hsiang MS, Cohen JM, Smith DL, Greenhouse B, Bousema T, et al. Targeting asymptomatic malaria infections: Active surveillance in control and elimination. PLoS Medicine. 2013;10(6):e1001467. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001467.
Coleman RE, Sattabongkot J, Promstaporm S, Maneechai N, Tippayachai B, Kengluecha A, et al. Comparison of PCR and microscopy for the detection of asymptomatic malaria in a Plasmodium falciparum/vivax endemic area in Thailand. Malaria J. 2006;5(1):121. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-5-121.
Nandwani S, Mathur M, Rawat S. Evaluation of the direct acridine orange staining method and QBC test for diagnosis of malaria in Delhi, India. J Comm Dis. 2003;35(4):279-282.
Bharti AR, Patra KP, Chuquiyauri R, Kosek M, Gilman RH, Llanos-Cuentas A, et al. Polymerase chain reaction detection of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum DNA from stored serum samples: implications for retrospective diagnosis of malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77(3):444-446.
Kamel MM, Attia SS, Emam GD, Al Sherbiny NA. The validity of rapid malaria test and microscopy in detecting malaria in a preelimination region of Egypt. Scientifica. 2016;2016. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4048032.
Jayasingh A, Rompicherla V, Radha RK, Shanmugam P. Comparative Study of Peripheral Blood Smear, Rapid Antigen Detection, ELISA and PCR Methods for Diagnosis of Malaria in a Tertiary Care Centre. J Clinic Diagnos Res. 2019 ;13(1): DC08-DC11. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2019/38213.12483.
Murray CK, Bell D, Gasser RA, Wongsrichanalai C. Rapid diagnostic testing for malaria. Trop Med Int Health 2003;8(10):876-883. doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01115.x.
Wongsrichanalai C, Barcus MJ, Muth S, Sutamihardja A, Wernsdorfer WH. A review of malaria diagnostic tools: Microscopy and rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77(6):119-127.
Singh N, Bharti PK, Singh MP, Mishra S, Shukla MM, Sharma RK, Singh RK. Comparative evaluation of bivalent malaria rapid diagnostic tests versus traditional methods infield with special reference toheat stability testing in central India. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(3):e58080. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058080.
Parija SC, Dhodapkar R, Elangovan S, Chaya DR. A comparative study of blood smear, QBC and antigen detection for diagnosis of malaria. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2009;52(2):200-202.
Srinivasan S, Moody AH, Chiodini PL. Comparison of blood-film microscopy, the OptiMAL® dipstick, Rhodamine-123 fluorescence staining and PCR, for monitoring antimalarial treatment. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2000;94(3):227-232. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00034980050006393.
Copyright (c) 2020 Author (s). Published by Siddharth Health Research and Social Welfare Society
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
OAI - Open Archives Initiative
