Depression, anxiety, stress and cognition in females with Iron deficiency anemia
Keywords:
Cognition, Iron deficiency anemia, spatial memory, Verbal memory
Abstract
Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is characterized by defect in the synthesis of hemoglobin leading to the poor delivery of oxygen to the cells and tissues expressing the clinical symptoms like lethargy, dizziness, shortness of breath and pale conjunctiva.
Objectives: The present study is taken up to learn the levels of depression, anxiety, stress with IDA in females. The effect of IDA on cognitive skills was also studied.
Methods: The present cross sectional study included thirty female participants with diagnosed iron deficiency anemia and thirty age matched controls, after obtaining voluntary, written informed consent. DASS-42 was used to assess depression, anxiety and stress. Spatial and verbal memory test was used to assess spatial and verbal memory test.
Results: We have observed higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress and decreased spatial memory scores in females with iron deficiency anemia.
Conclusion: We recommend further detailed studies in this area to explore the association of iron status with stress and cognition for planning better treatment options for the benefit of the patients.
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References
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29. Beard JL: Why iron deficiency is important in infant development. J Nutr. 2008, 138 (12): 2534-2536.Beard JL, Wiesinger JA, Connor JR: Pre- and postweaning iron deficiency alters myelination in Sprague–Dawley rats. Dev Neurosci. 2003, 25 (5): 308-315. 10.1159/000073507.
30. Beard JL, Connor JR, Jones BC. Iron in the brain. Nutr Rev. 1993 Jun;51(6):157-70.
31. Mahan LK, Escott-Stump S. Krause's food, nutrition, & diet therapy. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2008. Doi: 10.1002/food.19970410330 17.
32. Vahdat Shariatpanaahi M, Vahdat Shariatpanaahi Z, Moshtaaghi M, Shahbaazi SH, Abadi A. The relationship between depression and serum ferritin level. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr;61(4):532-5. Epub 2006 Oct 25. [PubMed]
33. Seyyed Gholamreza Noorazar, Fatemeh Ranjbar, Negin Nemati, Neda Yesamineh, Parinaz Kalejahi. Relationship between severity of depression symptoms and iron deficiency anemia in women with major depressive disorder. J Anal Res Clin Med, 2015, 3(4): 219-24. doi: 10.15171/jarcm.2015.034.
34. John L. Beard, Michael K. Hendricks, Eva M. Perez, Laura E. Murray-Kolb, Astrid Berg, Lynne Vernon-Feagans, James Irlam, Washiefa Isaacs, Alan Sive, and Mark Tomlinson. Maternal Iron Deficiency Anemia Affects Postpartum Emotions and Cognition. J. Nutr. 2005;135: 267–272.
2. DeMaeyer E, Adiels-Tegman M. The prevalence of anaemia in the world. World Health Stat Q. 1985;38(3):302-16. [PubMed]
3. Joint World Health Organization/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Technical Consultation on the Assessment of Iron Status at the Population Level (2004: Geneva Switzerland), World Health Organization. Assessing the iron status of populations: report of a joint world health organization/centers for disease control and prevention technical consultation on the assessment of iron status at the population level. Geneva, Switzerland: Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005.
4. World Health Organization. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia 1993–2005: WHO global database on anaemia. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
5. World Health Organization. Iron deficiency anaemia: assessment, prevention and control: a guide for programme managers. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.
6. Cook JD, Lynch SR. The liabilities of iron deficiency. Blood. 1986 Oct;68(4):803-9.
7. Mackler B, Person R, Miller LR, Finch CA. Iron deficiency in the rat: effects on phenylalanine metabolism. Pediatr Res. 1979 Sep;13(9):1010-1.
8. Kaplan HI. Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003. Doi: 10.1345/aph.1P356.
9. de Maeyer E, Adiels-Tegman M. The prevalence of anemia in the world. La prevalence de l'anemie dans le monde [Online]. [cited 1985]; Available from: URL: http://www.popline.org/node/417436.
10. Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. 2nd Ed Psychology Foundation Sydney 1995.
11. Naveen KV, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR, Telles S. Yoga breathing through a particular nostril increases spatial memory scores without lateralized effects. Psychol Rep. 1997 Oct;81(2):555-61. [PubMed]
12. DeMaeyer E, Adiels-Tegman M. The prevalence of anaemia in the world. World Health Stat Q. 1985;38(3):302-16. [PubMed]
13. Joint World Health Organization/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Technical Consultation on the Assessment of Iron Status at the Population Level (2004: Geneva Switzerland), World Health Organization: Assessing the iron status of populations: report of a joint world health organization/centers for disease control and prevention technical consultation on the assessment of iron status at the population level. 2005, Geneva, Switzerland: Geneva: World Health Organization.
14. World Health Organization: Worldwide prevalence of anaemia 1993–2005: WHO global database on anaemia. 2008, Geneva: World Health Organization.
15. World Health Organization: Iron deficiency anaemia: assessment, prevention and control: a guide for programme managers. 2001, Geneva: World Health Organization.
16. Pollitt E: Effects of a diet deficient in iron on the growth and development of preschool and school-age children. Food Nutr Bull. 1991, 13: 110-118. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-161.
17. Krebs NF. Dietary zinc and iron sources, physical growth and cognitive development of breastfed infants. J Nutr. 2000 Feb;130(2S Suppl):358S-360S.
18. Lind T, Lönnerdal B, Stenlund H, Gamayanti IL, Ismail D, Seswandhana R, Persson LA. A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: effects on growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Sep;80(3):729-36.
19. Webb TE, Oski FA. Iron deficiency anemia and scholastic achievement in young adolescents. J Pediatr. 1973 May;82(5):827-30.
20. Gershwin ME, Keen CL, Mareschi JP, Fletcher MP. Trace metal nutrition and the immune response. Compr Ther. 1991 Mar;17(3):27-34.
21. Joynson DH, Walker DM, Jacobs A, Dolby AE. Defect of cell-mediated immunity in patients with iron-deficiency anaemia. Lancet. 1972 Nov 18;2(7786):1058-9.
22. Srikantia SG, Prasad JS, Bhaskaram C, Krishnamachari KA. Anaemia and immune response. Lancet. 1976 Jun 19;1(7973):1307-9. [PubMed]
23. Beard JL, Borel MJ, Derr J. Impaired thermoregulation and thyroid function in iron-deficiency anemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990 Nov;52(5):813-9.
24. Eftekhari MH, Eshraghian MR, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Saadat N, Shidfar F. Effect of iron repletion and correction of iron deficiency on thyroid function in iron-deficient Iranian adolescent girls. Pak J Biol Sci. 2007 Jan 15;10(2):255-60.
25. Isguven P, Arslanoglu I, Erol M, Yildiz M, Adal E, Erguven M. Serum levels of ghrelin, leptin, IGF-I, IGFBP-3, insulin, thyroid hormones and cortisol in prepubertal children with iron deficiency. Endocr J. 2007 Dec;54(6):985-90. Epub 2007 Nov 12. [PubMed]
26. Zimmermann MB. The influence of iron status on iodine utilization and thyroid function. Annu Rev Nutr. 2006;26:367-89. [PubMed]
27. Andersen HS, Gambling L, Holtrop G, McArdle HJ: Maternal iron deficiency identifies critical windows for growth and cardiovascular development in the rat postimplantation embryo. J Nutr. 2006, 136 (5): 1171-1177.
28. Toxqui L, De Piero A, Courtois V, Bastida S, Sánchez-Muniz FJ, Vaquero MP. [Iron deficiency and overload. Implications in oxidative stress and cardiovascular health]. Nutr Hosp. 2010 May-Jun;25(3):350-65. [PubMed]
29. Beard JL: Why iron deficiency is important in infant development. J Nutr. 2008, 138 (12): 2534-2536.Beard JL, Wiesinger JA, Connor JR: Pre- and postweaning iron deficiency alters myelination in Sprague–Dawley rats. Dev Neurosci. 2003, 25 (5): 308-315. 10.1159/000073507.
30. Beard JL, Connor JR, Jones BC. Iron in the brain. Nutr Rev. 1993 Jun;51(6):157-70.
31. Mahan LK, Escott-Stump S. Krause's food, nutrition, & diet therapy. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2008. Doi: 10.1002/food.19970410330 17.
32. Vahdat Shariatpanaahi M, Vahdat Shariatpanaahi Z, Moshtaaghi M, Shahbaazi SH, Abadi A. The relationship between depression and serum ferritin level. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr;61(4):532-5. Epub 2006 Oct 25. [PubMed]
33. Seyyed Gholamreza Noorazar, Fatemeh Ranjbar, Negin Nemati, Neda Yesamineh, Parinaz Kalejahi. Relationship between severity of depression symptoms and iron deficiency anemia in women with major depressive disorder. J Anal Res Clin Med, 2015, 3(4): 219-24. doi: 10.15171/jarcm.2015.034.
34. John L. Beard, Michael K. Hendricks, Eva M. Perez, Laura E. Murray-Kolb, Astrid Berg, Lynne Vernon-Feagans, James Irlam, Washiefa Isaacs, Alan Sive, and Mark Tomlinson. Maternal Iron Deficiency Anemia Affects Postpartum Emotions and Cognition. J. Nutr. 2005;135: 267–272.
CITATION
DOI: 10.17511/jopm.2017.i02.22
How to Cite
Dr. Vanishri Ashok, Dr. Ashok Kumar, & Dr. R.S.A. Kiran Singh. (1). Depression, anxiety, stress and cognition in females with Iron deficiency anemia. Tropical Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, 3(2), 201-205. https://doi.org/10.17511/jopm.2017.i02.22
Section
Original Article
OAI - Open Archives Initiative
