Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses
Keywords:
Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae
Abstract
Viruses causing hemorrhagic fever are broadly classified into five families as Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae & Rhabdoviridae. Some of them like Ebola virus can spread through aerosols and are considered aspotentialbioweapons. Most of them have reservoirs or amplifying hosts like rodents. Some of them are tick-borne and maintain tick-mammal- tick cycle while others like dengue & yellow fever are mosquito borne. Human to human transmission has also been reported for some viruses.Those infected manifest with viral prodorme initially & have characteristic hemorrhagic manifestations during the first or second week of illness. They present with leukopenia, deranged coagulation profile and altered liver enzymes. Vaccines are available for a few viruses & ribavirin shows promising results in some cases. Extensive research is being carried for newer therapies for these hemorrhagic fevers which present with periodic epidemics. Prevention of the disease is possible through arthropod control, mosquito nets, barrier nursing & avoidance of close contact with infected people.
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References
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24. Dowell SF, Mukunu R, Ksiazek TG, Khan AS, Rollin PE, Peters CJ. Transmission of Ebola hemorrhagic fever: a study of risk factors in family members, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. Commission de Luttecontre les Epidémies à Kikwit. J Infect Dis. 1999 Feb;179Suppl 1:S87-91.
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27. Kreuels B, Wichmann D, Emmerich P, Schmidt-Chanasit J, de Heer G, Kluge S, et al. A case of severe Ebola virus infection complicated by gram-negative septicemia.N Engl J Med 2014; published online 22 Oct.
28. Rowe AK, Bertolli J, Khan AS, Mukunu R, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Bressler D, et al. Clinical, virologic, and immunologic follow-up of convalescent Ebola hemorrhagic fever patients and their household contacts, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Commission de Luttecontre les Epidémies à Kikwit. J Infect Dis. (1999) 179 (Supplement 1): S28-S35. doi: 10.1086/514318.
29. Goodman JL. Studying “secret serums”: toward safe, effective Ebola treatments. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:1086-9. [PubMed]
30. Gulland A. Clinical trials of Ebola therapies to begin in December. BMJ 2014; 349 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g6827. [PubMed]
31. Warren TK, Wells J, Panchal RG, Stuthman KS, Garza NL, Van Tongeren SA, et al. Protection against filovirus. Nature. 2014 Apr 17;508(7496):402-5. doi: 10.1038/nature13027. Epub 2014 Mar 2. [PubMed]
32. Iversen PL, Warren TK, Wells JB, Garza NL, Mourich DV, Welch LS, et al. Discovery and early development of AVI-7537 and AVI-7288 for the treatment of Ebola virus and Marburg virus infections. Viruses. 2012 Nov 6;4(11):2806-30. doi: 10.3390/v4112806.
33. Turone F. Doctors trial amiodarone for Ebola in Sierra Leone. BMJ 2014; 349 .doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g7198. [PubMed]
34. Bishop BM. Potential and emerging treatment options for Ebola virus disease. Ann Pharmacother2014; published online 20 Nov. [PubMed]
35. Ledgerwood JE, DeZure AD, Stanley DA, Novik L, Enama ME, Berkowitz NM, et al; the VRC 207 Study Team. Chimpanzee adenovirus vector Ebola vaccine - preliminary report. N Engl J Med2014; published online 26 Nov. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1410863.
36. Geisbert TW, Hensley LE, Kagan E, et al. Postexposure protection of guinea pigs against a lethal ebola virus challenge is conferred by RNA interference. J Virol. 2008 Jun; 82(11): 5664–5668. Published online 2008 Apr 2. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00456-08.
37. Warren TK, Warfield KL, Wells J, et al. Advanced antisense therapies for postexposure protection against lethal filovirus infections. Nat Med. 2010 Sep;16(9):991-4. doi: 10.1038/nm.2202. Epub 2010 Aug 22.
38. Michelow IC, Dong M, Mungall BA, et al. A novel L-ficolin/mannose-binding lectin chimeric molecule with enhanced activity against Ebola virus. J Biol Chem. 2010 Aug 6;285(32):24729-39. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.106260. Epub 2010 Jun 1. [PubMed]
39. Michelow IC, Lear C, Scully C, et al. High-dose mannose-binding lectin therapy for ebola virus infection. J Infect Dis. 2011 Jan 15;203(2):175-9. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiq025. [PubMed]
40. Westaway E. G., Blok J. (1997) Taxonomy and evolutionary relationships of flaviviruses. in Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. edsGubler D. J., Kuno G. (CAB International, London, United Kingdom), pp 147–173.
41. Henchal EA, Putnak JR: The dengue viruses. ClinMicrobiol Rev. 1990 Oct;3(4):376-96. [PubMed]
42. Guzman M. G., Kouri G. (1996) Advances in dengue diagnosis. ClinDiagn Lab Immunol. 1996 Nov;3(6):621-7. [PubMed]
43. Bhamarapravati N. (1997) Live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine. in Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. edsGubler D. J., Kuno G. (CAB International, London, United Kingdom), pp 367–378.
44. Monath TP. Yellow fever: a medically neglected disease. Report on a seminar. Rev Infect Dis. 1987 Jan-Feb;9(1):165-75. [PubMed]
45. Theiler M, Smith HH: The use of yellow fever virus modified by in vitro cultivation for human immunization. Rev Med Virol. 2000 Jan-Feb;10(1):6-16; discussion 3-5.
46. Pattnaik P. Kyasanur forest disease: an epidemiological view in India. Rev Med Virol. 2006 May-Jun;16(3):151-65. [PubMed]
47. Mehla R, Kumar SR, Yadav P, Barde PV, Yergolkar PN, Erickson BR. Recent ancestry of Kyasanur Forest disease virus.Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Sep;15(9):1431-7. doi: 10.3201/eid1509.080759. [PubMed]
2. Borio L, Inglesby T, Peters CJ, et al. Hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons: medical and public health management. JAMA. 2002 May 8;287(18):2391-405. [PubMed]
3. Buchmeier MJ, Bowen MD, Peters CJ. Arenaviridae: The viruses and their replication. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, Lamb RA, Martin MA, Roizman B, et al., editors. Fields' Virology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins; 2001, p. 1635–68.
4. Fulhorst CF, Bennett SG, Milazzo ML, et al. Bear Canyon virus: an arenavirus naturally associated with the California mouse (Peromyscuscalifornicus). Emerg Infect Dis. 2002 Jul; 8(7): 717–721. doi: 10.3201/eid0807.010281.
5. Peters CJ: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Lassa virus, and the South American hemorrhagic fevers. In: Mandell, Douglass, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Ed 5, pp 1855–62. Edited by Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Philadelphia, PA, Churchill Livingstone, 2000. [PubMed]
6. McCormick JB, King IJ, Webb PA, et al. Lassa fever.Effective therapy with ribavirin. N Engl J Med. 1986 Jan 2;314(1):20-6. [PubMed]
7. Geisbert TW, Jones S, Fritz EA, et al. Development of a new vaccine for the prevention of Lassa fever. PLoS Med. 2005 Jun; 2(6): e183.Published online 2005 Jun 28. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020183. [PubMed]
8. Martin ML, Lindsey-Regnery H, Sasso DR, McCormick JB, Palmer E: Distinction between Bunyaviridae genera by surface structure and comparison with Hantaan virus using negative stain electron microscopy. Arch Virol. 1985;86(1-2):17-28.
9. Bishop D: Genetic potential of bunyaviruses. Curr Top MicrobiolImmunol. 1979;86:1-33. [PubMed]
10. Pekosz A, Griot C, Nathanson N, Gonzalez-Scarano F: Tropism of Bunyaviruses: evidence for a G1 glycoprotein-mediated entry pathway common to the California serogroup. Virology. 1995 Dec 20;214(2):339-48. [PubMed]
11. Vincent MS, Gumperz JE, Brenner MB: Understanding the function of CD1- restricted T cells. Nat Immunol. 2003 Jun;4(6):517-23. [PubMed]
12. Yang SH, Lee CG, Song MK, Sung YC: Internal cleavage of hepatitis C virus NS3 protein is dependent on the activity of NS34A protease. Virology. 2000 Mar 1;268(1):132-40. [PubMed]
13. Geimonen E, Neff S, Raymond T, Kocer SS, Gavriolovskaya IN, Mackow ER: Pathogenic and nonpathogenic hantaviruses differentially regulate endothelial cell responses. ProcNatlAcadSci U S A. 2002 Oct 15;99(21):13837-42. Epub 2002 Oct 4.
14. Miyamoto H, Morino Y, Hiroi K, et al: An epidemiologic study on ratsassociatedwith outbreak of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: comparison with antibodies for two virus strains, Hantaan virus 76-118 strain and newly isolated WKM strain [in Japanese]. KansenshogakuZasshi 1987; 61: 633–8.
15. Keshtkar-Jahromi M, Kuhn JH, Christova I, Bradfute SB, Jahrling PB, Bavari S. Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever: Current and future prospects of vaccines and therapies. Antiviral Res 2011;90:85-92. [PubMed]
16. Erduran E, Bahadir A, Palanci N, Gedik Y. The treatment of crimean-congohemorrhagic fever with high-dose methylprednisolone, intravenous immunoglobulin, and fresh frozen plasma.J PediatrHematolOncol. 2013 Jan;35(1):e19-24. doi: 10.1097/MPH.0b013e3182706444. [PubMed]
17. Fisher-Hoch SP, Khan JA, Rehman S, Mirza S, Khurshid M, McCormick JB. Crimean Congo-haemorrhagic fever treated with oral ribavirin. Lancet. 1995 Aug 19;346(8973):472-5. [PubMed]
18. Pittman PR, Liu CT, Cannon TL, et al. Immunogenicity of an inactivated Rift Valley fever vaccine in humans: a 12-year experience. Vaccine. Aug 20 1999;18(1-2):181-189. [PubMed]
19. Shope RE. Bunyaviral fevers: Rift Valley fever and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens and Practice. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 1999:1213-1216.
20. Sanchez AS, Khan AS, Zaki SR, Nabel GJ, Ksiazek TG, Peters CJ: Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola Viruses. In: Fields Virology, pp 1279–304. Edited by Fields BN, Knipe DN, Howley PM, Griffin DE. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.
21. Peters CJ, Le Duc JW: An introduction to Ebola: the virus and the disease. J Infect Dis. (1999) 179 (Supplement 1): ix-xvi. doi: 10.1086/514322. [PubMed]
22. Ramanan P, Shabman RS, Brown CS, Amarasinghe GK, Basler CF, Leung DW. Filoviral immune evasion mechanisms.Viruses.2011 Sep 01; 3: 1634-49.
23. Hart MK: Vaccine research efforts for filoviruses. Int J Parasitol. 2003 May;33(5-6):583-95. [PubMed]
24. Dowell SF, Mukunu R, Ksiazek TG, Khan AS, Rollin PE, Peters CJ. Transmission of Ebola hemorrhagic fever: a study of risk factors in family members, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. Commission de Luttecontre les Epidémies à Kikwit. J Infect Dis. 1999 Feb;179Suppl 1:S87-91.
25. Bausch DG, Towner JS, Dowell SF, et al. Assessment of the risk of Ebola virus transmission from bodily fluids and fomites. J Infect Dis. (2007) 196 (Supplement 2): S142-S147. doi: 10.1086/520545. [PubMed]
26. Varkey JB, Shantha JG, Crozier I, et al. Persistence of Ebola Virus in Ocular Fluid during Convalescence. N Engl J Med 2015; 372:2423-2427,June 18, 2015.DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1500306.
27. Kreuels B, Wichmann D, Emmerich P, Schmidt-Chanasit J, de Heer G, Kluge S, et al. A case of severe Ebola virus infection complicated by gram-negative septicemia.N Engl J Med 2014; published online 22 Oct.
28. Rowe AK, Bertolli J, Khan AS, Mukunu R, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Bressler D, et al. Clinical, virologic, and immunologic follow-up of convalescent Ebola hemorrhagic fever patients and their household contacts, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Commission de Luttecontre les Epidémies à Kikwit. J Infect Dis. (1999) 179 (Supplement 1): S28-S35. doi: 10.1086/514318.
29. Goodman JL. Studying “secret serums”: toward safe, effective Ebola treatments. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:1086-9. [PubMed]
30. Gulland A. Clinical trials of Ebola therapies to begin in December. BMJ 2014; 349 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g6827. [PubMed]
31. Warren TK, Wells J, Panchal RG, Stuthman KS, Garza NL, Van Tongeren SA, et al. Protection against filovirus. Nature. 2014 Apr 17;508(7496):402-5. doi: 10.1038/nature13027. Epub 2014 Mar 2. [PubMed]
32. Iversen PL, Warren TK, Wells JB, Garza NL, Mourich DV, Welch LS, et al. Discovery and early development of AVI-7537 and AVI-7288 for the treatment of Ebola virus and Marburg virus infections. Viruses. 2012 Nov 6;4(11):2806-30. doi: 10.3390/v4112806.
33. Turone F. Doctors trial amiodarone for Ebola in Sierra Leone. BMJ 2014; 349 .doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g7198. [PubMed]
34. Bishop BM. Potential and emerging treatment options for Ebola virus disease. Ann Pharmacother2014; published online 20 Nov. [PubMed]
35. Ledgerwood JE, DeZure AD, Stanley DA, Novik L, Enama ME, Berkowitz NM, et al; the VRC 207 Study Team. Chimpanzee adenovirus vector Ebola vaccine - preliminary report. N Engl J Med2014; published online 26 Nov. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1410863.
36. Geisbert TW, Hensley LE, Kagan E, et al. Postexposure protection of guinea pigs against a lethal ebola virus challenge is conferred by RNA interference. J Virol. 2008 Jun; 82(11): 5664–5668. Published online 2008 Apr 2. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00456-08.
37. Warren TK, Warfield KL, Wells J, et al. Advanced antisense therapies for postexposure protection against lethal filovirus infections. Nat Med. 2010 Sep;16(9):991-4. doi: 10.1038/nm.2202. Epub 2010 Aug 22.
38. Michelow IC, Dong M, Mungall BA, et al. A novel L-ficolin/mannose-binding lectin chimeric molecule with enhanced activity against Ebola virus. J Biol Chem. 2010 Aug 6;285(32):24729-39. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.106260. Epub 2010 Jun 1. [PubMed]
39. Michelow IC, Lear C, Scully C, et al. High-dose mannose-binding lectin therapy for ebola virus infection. J Infect Dis. 2011 Jan 15;203(2):175-9. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiq025. [PubMed]
40. Westaway E. G., Blok J. (1997) Taxonomy and evolutionary relationships of flaviviruses. in Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. edsGubler D. J., Kuno G. (CAB International, London, United Kingdom), pp 147–173.
41. Henchal EA, Putnak JR: The dengue viruses. ClinMicrobiol Rev. 1990 Oct;3(4):376-96. [PubMed]
42. Guzman M. G., Kouri G. (1996) Advances in dengue diagnosis. ClinDiagn Lab Immunol. 1996 Nov;3(6):621-7. [PubMed]
43. Bhamarapravati N. (1997) Live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine. in Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. edsGubler D. J., Kuno G. (CAB International, London, United Kingdom), pp 367–378.
44. Monath TP. Yellow fever: a medically neglected disease. Report on a seminar. Rev Infect Dis. 1987 Jan-Feb;9(1):165-75. [PubMed]
45. Theiler M, Smith HH: The use of yellow fever virus modified by in vitro cultivation for human immunization. Rev Med Virol. 2000 Jan-Feb;10(1):6-16; discussion 3-5.
46. Pattnaik P. Kyasanur forest disease: an epidemiological view in India. Rev Med Virol. 2006 May-Jun;16(3):151-65. [PubMed]
47. Mehla R, Kumar SR, Yadav P, Barde PV, Yergolkar PN, Erickson BR. Recent ancestry of Kyasanur Forest disease virus.Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Sep;15(9):1431-7. doi: 10.3201/eid1509.080759. [PubMed]
CITATION
DOI: 10.17511/jopm.2016.i01.04
How to Cite
Rabindran. (1). Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses. Tropical Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, 2(1), 16-22. https://doi.org/10.17511/jopm.2016.i01.04
Section
Review Article
OAI - Open Archives Initiative
