Inclusion criteria: All laryngeal specimens/biopsies.

Exclusion criteria: Lesions involving other head and neck structures are not included.

Data collection procedure: This retrospective study consisted of 49 laryngeal biopsies and specimens with available histopathological data of patients from records of the department of laboratory medicine. during these 7 years. The histopathological diagnosis was made based on light microscopy followed by special stains and immunohistochemistry wherever indicated.

Data analysis: The basic statistical analysis of cases and findings was done manually which has been represented by percentages.

Ethical consideration & permission: The data are collected from the histopathological section of the department of laboratory medicine. For this necessary permission was obtained from the concerned authorities. The identity of the patient and the treating doctor is not recorded.

to maximum trauma. A vocal polyp is unilaterally arising from the same position. Mostly, it affects men in the age group of 30–50 years [1].

We had 19 polyps which made up 54.2% of all benign lesions and 3 laryngeal nodules. Contact granulomas are caused by severe phonotrauma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and intubation. It is almost always found at the level of the posterior commissure, in the area of the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage Microscopically, it has the appearance of exuberant granulation tissue [2].

We had 3 cases of contact granuloma. The two most common types of cyst of the larynx have been divided by DeSanto et al. according to their mechanism of formation into saccular (24%) and ductal (75%). The former arises from cystic distention of the laryngeal saccule. They are usually large and deep and are often found inside the ventricle [7].

There were 2 cysts seen in our study. One case of Wegener’s granulomatosis was associated with nasal septum involvement.

Pyogenic granulomas are capillary hemangiomas composed of thin-walled capillaries with scant stroma in a lobular arrangement [8]. We had 3 cases of pyogenic granuloma. Laryngeal papillomas constitute about 80% of benign neoplasms of the larynx [1] The papillomas usually involve the vocal cords and ventricles, followed by transmission to the false cords, epiglottis, subglottic area, hypopharynx, and nasopharynx [9].

Juvenile laryngeal papillomas are present in children or adolescents with multiple papillary tumours on the true cords. When extensive, papillomatosis may cause extreme respiratory difficulty and even death. Adult laryngeal papillomas have a male predominance and are most commonly solitary. As for the juvenile form, the involved viral types are usually HPV-6 and HPV-11 [9].

We had 2 cases of papillomatosis in a 4-year-old male and a 19-year-old female.  an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMFT) is a distinctive neoplasm composed of myofibroblastic and fibroblastic spindle cells accompanied by an inflammatory infiltrate of plasma cells, lymphocytes, and/or eosinophils. Laryngeal IMFT primarily arise in the glottic region [9]. We had 1 case of IMFT in the subglottic region (Figure 1c, d).

Figure 2 a, b: Squamous cell carcinoma (Hematoxylin and Eosin) c. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma d. CD20 positivity in malignant cells of lymphoma.

Hoarseness is often an early presenting symptom of glottic cancers due to vocal cord immobility or fixation, with pain on swallowing and referred ear pain indicating advanced disease. In contrast, pain with swallowing is the most common early symptom of supraglottic cancer, with hoarseness indicating advanced disease extending into the glottis.

Early-stage laryngeal cancers are treated with a locally-directed treatment modality, local radiation therapy or surgery [10]. Locally-advanced cancers are more difficult to treat and involve combination therapy. These cancers, if surgically resectable are not amenable to laryngeal preservation surgery, while definitive radiation concurrent with cisplatin chemotherapy remains an option for laryngeal preservation. In contrast to early-stage disease, the therapeutic approach to locally-advanced disease is combined chemotherapy and radiation demonstrating both improved locoregional control and larynx preservation [11-14].

Lymphomas arising in the larynx and trachea are rare, accounting for < 1% of neoplasms at these sites. Approximately 4% of head and neck lymphomas arise in the larynx; Lymphoma involves the supraglottic larynx more often than the subglottic larynx. Patients present with cough, dyspnea, and hoarseness. The most common primary lymphoma at this body site is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma [9].

We had 1 case of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in supra-glottis in a 24-year-old male who presented with breathing difficulty and was diagnosed with high-grade B-cell lymphoma (Figure 2c, d).