Ahmad N1, Khan S2, Hassan MJ3, Jetley S4
1Dr. Nehal Ahmad, Demonstrator, 2Dr. Sabina Khan, Associate Professor, 3Dr. M.D. Jaseem Hassan, Associate Professor, 4Prof Sujata Jetley, Professor and Head, all authors are attached with Department of Pathology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
Address for Correspondence: Dr Sabina Khan, Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India. E-mail: drsabina1@gmail.com
Abstract
Background: Sinonasal lesions are a common finding in Otorhinolaryngology outpatientdepartment. Most commonly they present withnasal obstruction. Clinically many of these lesions resemble eachother but they have multiple differential diagnosis ranging from congenital, inflammatory, traumatic to neoplasticcauses that needs histopathological confirmation. Objectives: This study was undertaken to study the various histopathological patterns of sino-nasallesions, theirclassification and relative distribution of various lesions with regard to age and sex in our setting. Material and Methods: This was a retrospective study of Sino-nasal lesions specimens thatwas received at histopathology section of Department of Pathology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Science andResearch andover a period of two years from June 2014 to May 2016. Results: A total of 62 cases of sino-nasal lesions were reported during the study period. Ageranged from 5 years to 75 years with malepredominance. Among all the lesions forty five (45) were non-neoplastic, ten (10) benign and seven (7) were diagnosedas malignant tumors. Inflammatory polyp was the commonest non-neoplastic lesion while Sinonasal Papilloma was the commonest benign lesion and Sinonasal carcinoma was themost common malignancy. Conclusions: Sino-nasal lesions comprises of wide spectrum of lesions but their presenting clinicalmanifestations are very limited. Hence, on the basis of clinical picture various nonneoplastic, benign and malignantlesions may mimic each other. Histopathological diagnosis forms the mainstay of diagnosis in these lesions whichmay even reveal clinically unsuspected rare malignancies as seen in our study.
Keywords: Sino-nasal lesion, Nasal Polyp, Neoplastic and Nonneoplastic, Histopathology
Manuscript received: 7th October 2017, Reviewed: 17th October 2017
Author Corrected: 26th October 2017, Accepted for Publication: 1st November 2017
Introduction
The nasal passage and paranasal sinuses collectively termed Sino-nasal area serves as host to a variety of diseasedconditions known as sino-nasal lesions that are commonly seen in Otorhinolaryngology outpatient department. Sinonasal area along with nasopharynx constitute the functional unit that is lined by stratified squamous epithelium, pseudostratified columnar epithelium and intermediate(transitional) epithelium andis principally involved infiltering, humidifying and adjusting temperature of inspired air [1,2]. Exposure of these areas to various infectiveagents, chemicals, antigens, mechanical and many other influences leads to development of variety of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions [3].These lesions vary widely depending on the age, occupation and addiction habits and other environmental factors related to the patients. Thus, they provide a challenging as well as interestingarea for an in-depth study of theselesions.
Most of these patients present with complaints of nasal obstruction [4]. Other symptoms include nasal discharge, epistaxis, disturbances of smell. These sinonasal lesions can have various differential diagnosis that may becongenital, inflammatory, neoplastic or traumatic. Among these, Polyps including in flammatory and allergic arethe most common sinonasal lesion. They are common cause of nasal obstruction and have prevalence of about 4% of general population [5]. Other non-neoplastic lesions are bacterial and fungal infections. Benigntumours like papilloma, haemangioma, angiofibroma are relatively common, but malignant neoplasms are rare. Malignanttumours account for 0.2% to 0.8% of total malignancies and only 3% of all malignant tumours of upperaerodigestive tract [6]. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common microscopic type of sinonasal neoplasmaffecting the nasal skin and nasal cavities [7]. Adenocarcinomas of various types comprise 10% to 20% of allprimary malignant neoplasms of the nasal cavityand paranasal sinuses [8]. Adenoid cystic carcinoma usuallyoccurs in the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity [8]. NHLs of the sinonasal tract are heterogeneous diseases that can beclinically aggressive [9]. Presumptive diagnosis of these lesions can be achieved with the aid of clinical presentationand imaging techniques but histopathological examination remains the mainstay of final definitive diagnosis [10]. The present study was undertaken to analyze the spectrum of Sinonasal lesions, their age and sex distribution, briefclinical presentation and histopathological diagnosis.
Materials and Methods
Place of Study: The study was conducted in the department of Pathology at Hamdard Institute of Medical Scienceand Researchover a period of 2 years from Jun 2014 to May 2016.
Type of Study: RetrospectiveStudy.
Sampling Methods: Clinical data was retrieved from histopathology requisition form/hospital records of patientspresenting with sino-nasal lesion.
Sample collection: All the specimens (biopsies/surgical specimens) that were received in our histopathology section were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 3-5μ and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Special stains like ZiehlNeelsen (ZN) and Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stains were done wherever necessary.
Inclusion criteria: All the specimens of lesions of nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx receivedat histopathology section of pathology were included in the study.
Exclusion Criteria: Previously treated cases of sinonasal disease with recurrence were excluded from the study.
Statistical Method: Descriptive statistical measures were utilized to present the data.
A total of 62 cases of sinonasal lesions fulfilling these criteria were finally included in this study. Histologically the nasal masses were classified into nonneoplastic masses and neoplastic masses. Nonneoplastic masses were further subdivided as allergic and nonallergic types, and neoplastic masses were divided as benign and malignant lesions.
Results
A total of 62 cases presented as sinonasallesions. Amongst these, 37 were malewhile 25 cases were female. An overall male predominance was noted with M:F= 1.48:1(Table I). Malepreponderancewas more marked in malignant lesions and the male to female ratio was 2.5:1 (Table I). Sino-nasallesions were commonest in the 11-20 years (16 cases) followed by equal numbers in31-40 and41-50 year agegroup comprising 14 cases each (Table II). Maximum number of non-neoplastic masses were also seen in 11-20 yeargroup (14 cases) followed by 31-40 year age group (11 cases). Malignant tumors were most commonly encounteredequally in 41-50 and 51-60 year age (2 cases). Forty-five (45) non-neoplastic lesions, ten (10) benign lesions and seven (7) malignant tumors were diagnosed. Most of the sino-nasal lesion presented with nasal obstruction whichwas the commonest symptom followed by nasal discharge and epistaxis. Facial pain was noted in occasional cases. Inflammatory polyp (including allergic) was the most common nonneoplastic lesion with 33 cases (73.3%). Two cases of Mucormycosis, two cases of Tuberculosis and one case of Adenoid Hypertrophy were also reported amongnon-neoplastic lesion. Among the benign lesion, Sinonasal Papilloma was the most commonly encountered lesionwith 5 cases including two cases of Inverted Papilloma (50%). Two cases of Haemangioma, one each of Angiofibroma, Schwannoma and Neurofibroma were also diagnosed histopathologically. Among the malignancies, Sinonasal carcinoma was the most common comprising of two cases (28.5%). We also encountered few raremalignancies which included one case each of Nonkeratinizing undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Basaloid Squamous cell carcinoma, Adenoid cystic carcinoma, Teratocarcinosar coma and Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma during our 2 years study (Table III).
Table-I: Distribution of Sino-nasal lesion according to gender
|
Types of Masses |
Male |
Female |
Male : female Ratio |
Total |
|
Non Neoplastic |
25 |
20 |
1.25 : 1 |
45 |
|
Neoplastic Benign |
07 |
03 |
2.33 : 1 |
10 |
|
Neoplastic Malignant |
05 |
02 |
2.5 : 1 |
07 |
|
Total |
37 |
25 |
1.48 : 1 |
62 |
Table-II: Age and Gender wise distribution of Sino-nasal Lesion
|
Age(Years) |
Non neoplastic |
Neoplastic Benign |
Neoplastic Malignant |
Total |
||||
|
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
|
|
0-10 |
02 |
00 |
00 |
00 |
00 |
00 |
02 |
00 |
|
11-20 |
05 |
09 |
01 |
01 |
00 |
00 |
06 |
10 |
|
21-30 |
04 |
02 |
01 |
01 |
01 |
01 |
06 |
04 |
|
31-40 |
06 |
05 |
03 |
00 |
00 |
00 |
09 |
05 |
|
41-50 |
06 |
03 |
02 |
01 |
02 |
00 |
10 |
04 |
|
51-60 |
01 |
01 |
00 |
00 |
02 |
00 |
03 |
01 |
|
61-70 |
01 |
00 |
00 |
00 |
00 |
00 |
01 |
00 |
|
71-80 |
00 |
00 |
00 |
00 |
00 |
01 |
00 |
01 |
|
Total |
25 |
20 |
07 |
03 |
05 |
02 |
37 |
25 |
Table-III: Histopathological findings of different Sino-nasal lesion according to gender and percentage
|
Types of Lesion |
Histopathological Findings |
Number of Cases(% by Type of lesion) |
Number of Cases(% of Total) |
|
Non Neoplastic |
Inflammatory Nasal Polyp |
28(62.2) |
28(45.16) |
|
Allergic Polyp |
05(11.1) |
05(8.06) |
|
|
Granulomatous Lesion |
03(6.66) |
03(4.83) |
|
|
Tuberculosis |
02(4.44) |
02(3.22) |
|
|
Mucormycosis |
02(4.44) |
02(3.22) |
|
|
Rhinosinusitis |
01(2.22) |
01(1.61) |
|
|
Adenoid Hyperytrophy |
01(2.22) |
01(1.61) |
|
|
Nasolabial cyst |
01(2.22) |
01(1.61) |
|
|
Non specific |
02(4.44) |
02(3.22) |
|
|
Total |
45(100) |
45(72.58) |
|
|
Neoplastic Benign |
Nasal Papilloma |
05(50) |
05(8.06) |
|
Haemangioma |
02(20) |
02(3.22) |
|
|
Angiofibroma |
01(10) |
01(1.61) |
|
|
Neurofibroma |
01(10) |
01(1.61) |
|
|
Schwannoma |
01(10) |
01(1.61) |
|
|
Total |
10(100) |
10(16.12) |
|
|
Neoplastic Malignant |
Sinonasal Carcinoma |
02(28.5) |
02(3.22) |
|
Naspharyngeal Carcinoma |
01(14.3) |
01(1.61) |
|
|
Teratocarcinosarcoma |
01(14.3) |
01(1.61) |
|
|
Basloid squamous carcinoma |
01(14.3) |
01(1.61) |
|
|
Adenoid cystic carcinoma |
01(14.3) |
01(1.61) |
|
|
Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma |
01(14.3) |
01(1.61) |
|
|
Total |
07(100) |
07(11.29) |
|
|
|
Total No. of cases |
62(100) |
62(100) |
Discussion
Sino-nasal lesions form a complex group of lesions with a broad spectrum of clinical and histopathological features. A totalnumber of 62 cases were included in our study. Age of the patientsranged from 5 years to 75 years. In thepresent study, sino-nasal lesions were predominant in males, demonstrating a male to female ratio of 1.48:1. Themale preponderance was more marked in malignancies (M:F= 2.5:1).Many authors have observed similar male preponderance [7,11,15], while only in few studies sino-nasal lesions were more common in females[12].The mostcommon age groups for sino-nasal lesions in our study was second decade followed by 3rd and 4th decade. Similarfinding was observed by A.Lathi et al [7]. In our study non-neoplastic, benign and malignant nasal lesions werecommonly encountered in 11-20 year, 31-50 year and 41-60 year age group respectively which was in concordance with Parajuli et al [13]. Lathi et al concluded that malignant nasal masses are rarely encountered before fourthdecade oflife [7]. Nasal obstruction was the most common clinical presentation, followed by rhinorrhoea. Similarpresenting featureswere observed in other studies [4,12,14].
In our study, inflammatorypolyps (including allergic) were the most common nasal non-neoplastic masses. Thisobservation was similar to several other studies [7,11,15,16]. Nasal polyps result from chronic inflammation of thenasal and sinus mucous membranes.Their exact pathogenesis is not known, however a strong association withallergy, infection, asthma and aspirin sensitivity has been implicated [5,17]. Microscopically, the epithelial lining ofnasal masses is of the respiratory type unless squamous metaplasia hasoccurred [18].
Among other non-neoplastic lesions included in our study were mucormycosis (4.4%) which on microscopy showedbroad non-septate hyphae that were arranged irregularly (Figure 1) and were positive for PAS stain. This wascomparable with the study of Uma R et al and Bhattacharya et al who reported one case each of Mucormycosis [19,20]. Among granulomatous lesion two cases of Tuberculosis (4.44%) were found which on microscopyrevealed multiple epithelioid cell granulomas along with caseous necrosis and revealed Acid fast bacilli on ZNstain. Similarly Ngairangbam et al and Waldman et al reported one case each of tuberculosis [16,21]. Due toits rarity and nonspecific clinical presentation, clinical diagnosis of nasal tuberculosis may be missed that may lead todelay in proper treatment.In such cases histopathology of the nasal lesions play an important role in the timely diagnosis of sinonasal tuberculosis [22]. Our study did not show any case of rhinoscleroma and rhinosporidiosisunlike the study of Lathi et al [7].
Figure-1: Photomicrograph showing broad aseptate hyphae with irregular branching (H&E Stain; 40x)
Among benign lesions,sino-nasal papilloma was the most common lesion including its morphological variant. Wereportedfive (50%) cases of sino-nasal papillomaincluding 3 cases of squamous and 2 cases of inverted papilloma [Figure 2] which is a morphological variant of sino-nasal papilloma. This was similar to the study by Amit et alwho reported one case of Inverted papilloma andtwo cases of Sinonasal papilloma [23]. Narayana Swami et alreported 13% of inverted papilloma in his study [24]. Sinonasalpapillomas account for 0.5–4% of all nasal tumors [25]. Transformation of sinonasalpapillomas into malignancy has been described in inverted papilloma andoncocyticpapillomas, but not in exophyticpapillomas[26]. Hemangioma (2cases) were reportedin 20% of the benign lesions. Both of them were found to be arising from nasal septum. Similar findingswere reported by other authors too [12.27].
Figure-2: Photomicrograph showing inward growth of hyperplastic epithelium enclosed by basement membrane into underlying stroma(H&E Stain ; 4x).
Figure-3: Photomicrograph showing hypercellular Antoni A areas and hypocellular Antoni B areas. Arrow indicates Verocay Bodies (H&E Stain;10 xs). Inset: Arrow indicates Respiratory epithelium (H&E Stain; 4x)
A single case of Angiofibroma was reported in a 16 year old male child that constituted 10% of benign sinonasallesions in our study. This corresponds with the study ofA Lathi et al [7]. Wealso reported oneunusual case of schwannoma (Figure 3) in a 40 year old male patient presenting as mass in right nasal cavity with clinical suspicionof inverted papilloma. Gulaeria et al also reported one case of Schwannoma [27]. Schwannomas of the sino-nasaltract are very infrequent, representing less than 4% of the schwannomas of the head and neck region [28]. One caseof Neurofibroma were also detected in a 16 year female which is also infrequent in these locations. Battacharya et alalso reported a single case of neurofibroma in hisstudy [20].
Among malignantneoplasms a total of 7 cases were reported. Four cases were seen after the age of 40 years whiletwo cases were in the 21-30 years age group. Male: Female ratio was 2.5 :1. Two cases of Sinonasal carcinoma including one Nonkeratinizing Squamous cell carcinoma and one Papillary variant of intestinal type Adenocarcinoma (Figure 4) were reported. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma (ITAC) are responsible for less than 4% of the total malignancies of this region [29]. These tumors are common in workers in the hardwood and shoeindustries. IHC was also done in this case which showed positivity for CK20. Papillary ITAC may have the bestprognosis, as it typically behaves as locally destructive lesion with a limited tendency for regional or distantmetastases [8,30].
Figure 4: Photomicrograph showing papillary arrangement oftumor cells that are composed of pseudostratified columnar cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm (H & E Stain; 40x). InsetAbove: Immunostaining with CK 7 shows uniform negativity. Inset below: Immunostaining with CK 20 shows strong positivity.
Figure 5: Photomicrograph showing predominantly cribiform arrangement of with dark compact angular nuclei surrounding pseudoglandular spaces filled with basement material(H&E Stain ; 40x)
One case of undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma was seen in a 28 year old female. A single case of Adenoid cystic carcinoma (Figure 5) was reported in a 42 yearold male patient who presented with Right nasal obstructionand facial pain. PAS and Mucin stains were positive in this case. One case of basaloid squamous carcinoma wasreported in a 75 year female. Another single rare case of Sinonasalteratocarcinosarcoma was reported in a 26 year male and one case ofNon-Hodgkin’s lymphoma was reported in a 58 year male during the study period. These arevery uncommon neoplasms of sino-nasal region. Guleria et al reported two cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, fourcases of Adenoid cystic carcinoma and one case of Non hodgkin’s Lymphoma in hisstudy [27].
Thus thisstudy helped us in providing an insight into the varied clinicopathological spectrum of nasal masses.
Conclusions
Sino-nasal lesions comprise of wide spectrum of lesions but their presenting features are mostly overlapping andlimited in number. As a result, they pose diagnostic dilemma, as clinically even benign and malignant sinonasallesions may appear as non-neoplastic thus leading to delay in proper diagnosis and early treatment. Hencehistopathological evaluation forms essential part of work up that helps in arriving at definitive diagnosis. Ashighlighted in our study, itmay even reveal lesions such as tuberculosis that are rare in this location and clinicallyunsuspected rare malignancies which were not suspected initially by the clinicians.Thus histopathology is a simpleand cost effective tool that help in categorization of different sino-nasal lesions according to various parameters.
Author inclusion criteria- Dr. Nehal was responsible for the literature search and drafting of manuscript. Dr. Sabina was involved in reviewing, editing and interpretation of smears. Dr. Jaseem was involved in reviewing of the manuscript. Dr. Sujata was involved in reviewing the manuscript and also its editing.
Funding: Nil, Conflict of interest: None initiated.
Permission from IRB: Yes
References
1. Rosai J. Rosai and Ackerman’s surgical pathology. 10th ed.NewYork:Mosby; 2011: 291.
2. Shaila N Shah, Yatish Goswamy. Study of Lesions of nasal cavity, nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses by histopathological examination. Gujarat Medical Journal August 2012; 67(2): 70-72.
3. Lingen MW. Head and neck. Chapter 16; In Kumar V, Abbas A K, Fausto N, Aster J C, eds. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic basis of disease, 8th ed. Elsevier: Haryana, India; 2010:751-2.
4. Humayun AHM, ZahurulHuq AHM, Ahmed SMT et al. Clinicopathological study of sinonasal masses. Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 2010;16(1) :15–22.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjo.v16i1.5776.
5. Hedman J, Kaprio J, Poussa T, Nieminen MM. Prevalence of asthma, aspirin intolerance, nasal polyposis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a population-based study. Int J Epidemiol. 1999 Aug;28(4):717-22.
6. Barnes L, Tse LL, Hunt JL, Gensler BM, Curtin HD, Boffetta P. Tumours of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. In: Leon B, John WE, Peter R, David S, editors. IARC WHO classification of tumours, pathology and genetics of head and neck tumours. Lyon: IARC Press:2005.9 82.
7. Lathi A, Syed MMA, Kalakoti P, et al. Clinico-pathological profile of sinonasal masses: a study from a tertiary care hospital of India. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 2011;31(6):372-377.
8. Leivo I. Update on sinonasal adenocarcinoma: classification and advances in immunophenotype and molecular genetic make-up. Head Neck Pathol 2007;1(1):38-43.
9. Abbondanzo SL, Wenig BM. Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the sinonasal tract – a clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic study of 120 cases. Cancer 1995; 75:1281–1291. [PubMed]
10. Modh SK, Delwadia KN, Gonsai RN. Histopathological spectrum of sinonasal masses-a study of 162 cases. Int J Cur Res Rev 2013;5(3):83-91.
11. Zafar U, Khan N, Afroz N, Hasan SA. Clinicopathologicalstudy of non-neoplasticlesions of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Indian J PatholMicrobiol. 2008 Jan-Mar;51(1):26-9. [PubMed]
12. Bakari A, Afolabi OA, Adoga AA, Kodiya AM, Ahmad BM. Clinico-pathological profile of sinonasal masses: an experience in national ear care centre Kaduna, Nigeria. BMC Research Notes 2010;3:186.
13. Parajuli S, Tuladhar A. Histomorphological spectrum of masses of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx. J Pathol Nepal 2013;3:351–5.
14. Khan N, Zafar U, Afroz N, Ahmad SS, Hasan SA. Masses of nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx: A clinicopathologicalstudy.Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006 Jul;58(3):259-63. doi: 10.1007/BF03050834. [PubMed]
15. Dasgupta A, Ghosh RN, Mukherjee C. Nasal polyps – histopathological spectrum. Indian J Otorhynolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 49: 32-7.
16. Ngairangbam S, Laishram RS. Histopathological patterns of masses in the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx. J Evid Based Med Healthc 2016; 3(2): 99-101.DOI: 10.18410/jebmh/2016/21.
17. Casale M, Pappacena M, Potena M, Vesperini E, Ciglia G, Mladina R, Dianzani C, Degener AM, Salvinelli F. Nasal polyposis: from pathogenesis to treatment, an update. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2011 Jun;10(3):158-6.
18. Dafale SR, Yenni VV, Bannur HB, Malur PR. Histopathological study of polypoidal lesions of the nasal cavity. Al Ameen J Med Sci 2012;4:403.
19. Uma R, Meharaj Banu O A. Histopathological study of nasal mass – A study of 110 cases. International Journal of Recent Trends in Science and Technology May 2016: 19(1) : 98-102.
20. Bhattacharya J, Goswami BK, Banarjee J, Bhattacharyya Ranjan, Chakatbarti I, Giri A. A Clinicopathological study of masses arising from sinonasal tract and nasopharynx. Egypt J Otolaryngol 2015 : 31:98–104.
21. Waldman SR, Levine HL, Sebek BA, Parker W, Tucker HM. Nasal tuberculosis: a forgotten entity. Laryngoscope. 1981 Jan;91(1):11-6.
22. Khan S, Pujani M, Jetley S. Primary Nasal Tuberculosis: Resurgence or Coincidence − A Report of Four Cases with Review of Literature. Journal of Laboratory Physicians. 2017;9(1):26-30. doi:10.4103/0974-2727.187921.
23. Amit Kumar B, Amit Kumar T, Tapas Ranjan B, et al.Spectrum of sinonasal mass at a tertiary level hospital. J. Evid. Based Med. Healthc. 2016; 3(91), 5001-5004. DOI: 10.18410/jebmh/2016/1050.
24. Swamy KV, Gowda BV. A clinical study of benign tumours of nose and paranasal sinuses. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004 Oct;56(4):265-8. doi: 10.1007/BF02974384. [PubMed]
25. Bawa R, Allen GC, Ramadan HH. Cylindrical cell papilloma of the nasal septum. Ear Nose Throat J. 1995 Mar;74(3):179-81. [PubMed]
26. Perez-Ordonez B. Hamartomas, papillomas and adenocarcinomas of the sinonasal tract and nasopharynx. J ClinPathol 62:1085–1095, 2009. [PubMed]
27. Gulareia TC, Mohindroo S, Mohindroo NK, Azad RK, Kumar A. Histopathological Profile of Nasal cavity, Paranasal sinuses, and Nasopharyngeal Masses in Hill state of Himachal Pradesh, India. ClinRhinol An Int J 2017;10(2) : 93-98.
28. Berlucchi M, Piazza C, Blanzuoli L, Battaglia G, Nicolai P. Schwannoma of the nasal septum: a case report with review of the literature. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2000;257(7):402-5. [PubMed]
29. Lopez JI, Nevado M, Eizaguirre B, Perez A. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses: a clinicopathologic study of 6 cases. Tumori 1990;76:250–254.
30. Klintenburg C, Olofson J, Hellquist H, Sokjer H. Adenocarcinoma of the ethmoid sinuses: a review of 28 cases with special reference to wood dust exposure. Cancer 1984;54:482–488. [PubMed]
How to ci te this article?
Ahmad N, Khan S, Hassan MJ, Jetley S. Histopathological profile of sinonasal lesions with brief clinical correlation: experience in a tertiary care centre. Pathology Updare:Trop J Path Micro 2017;3(4):382-389.doi:10.17511/jopm. 2017.i4.04.